Thursday, January 30, 2020
The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay Example for Free
The Audit Report and Internal Control Evaluation Essay An audit has been completed for Apollo Shoes as of December 31, 2005 and 2006, and the associated income statement, shareholders’ equity, cash flows and complete income. My firm has reviewed the organization’s assessment, comprised in the associated report of management on Commercial Reporting, in which Apollo Shoes sustained definite internal control as of December 31, 2006, founded on standards recognized in internal control. The management team of Apollo Shoes’ is accountable for the financial reports, for sustaining current internal controls, and appraisal of internal control regarding financial reporting. It is our duty to communicate an unbiased view on these financial reports, assessment by management, and the usefulness of the organization’s internal control sustaining the financial report. My team has organized our inspections in conjunction with the principles of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). We strategically planed and enforced the audit to acquire practical assurance. Regardless, the actual internal control consisting of fiscal reporting was sustained in all respects of materiality or whether financial reports are without material misstatement those standards that the PCAOB have put into place are required in order to plan and prepare for a proper audit. Our review of the financial reports will consist of proof promoting the totality of assets and disclosures in the financial reports, investigating all details in their entirety, evaluating the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), and estimating the general arrangement of financial reports. During the audit we obtained a comprehension of internal control over Apollo Shoes’ monetary reporting, and we appraised management’s valuation. We preformed all services and procedures as we felt necessary. We tested and assessed the proposal and the internal control’s operating usefulness. These audits supply practical reasoning for the opinions concluded. We did not find it necessary to audit the financial reports for the year ended December 31, 2006 due to the financial reports being previously audited by other auditors whose report relates to the previous period. A procedure developed to supply justifiable guarantee regards to the fluency and consistency of financial recording and the planning of financial reports for external purposes in accordance with (GAAP) is an organization’s internal control over fiscal recording. An organization’s financial reporting that consists of internal control, contains those guidelines and processes that relate to the conservation of reports that truthfully and justifiably replicate the communications and natures of the company’s assets and provide reasonable assertions that those transactions are documented as required to authorize the research of monetary reports in agreement with GAAP. All revenues and expenses of the organization are only being created in agreement with approvals of directors and management of the organization. These policies and procedures also implement practical assertion pertaining to the inhibition or appropriate recognition of procurements unauthorized or nature of the organization’s possessions that may possess a quantifiable conclusion on the financial reports. Misstatements may not be avoided or detected because of its subjective restrictions. Furthermore, additions of any assessment of usefulness to impending periods are governed due to the threat that controls possibly will develop insufficiencies due to alterations in circumstances, or that the degree of acquiescence with the guidelines or processes may depreciate. Apollo Shoes has lost its chief customer and is in legal dispute with one of its clients that has resulted in a lawsuit for an amount of $12,000,000 against the organization. The case is in the preliminary juncture but the organization will provoke a fee of $10,000,000 minimum litigation in conjunction to the result of case. Due to these circumstances consequently the financial statements have not been adjusted. It is the firm’s opinion that the financial statements denoted in the previous paragraph present justly, in all quantifiable regards, the pecuniary situation of Apollo Shoes, INC. as of December 31, 2005 and 2006 and the outcomes of Apollo’s cash flows and procedures for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2006 in conjunction with GAAP. In addition, it is our opinion that Apollo Shoes sustained operative internal control and is legitimately stated in all material aspects established on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations’ (COSO) criteria. The additional financial reports have been adjusted presuming the Apollo Shoes attains the incomes required to endure and function indefinitely. However, as discoursed in the financial statements’ notes, Apollo Shoes no longer does business with its major customer. This raises considerable uncertainty in the organization’s capability to endure as a going concern. The financial reports do not contain any modification that might effect the conclusion of this conjecture. Anderson, Olds and Watershed Certified Public Accountants CPA, Internal Audit November 26, 2012 Anderson, Olds and Watershed Certified Public Accountants Shoetown, ME 0001
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakesp
Madness and Insanity in Shakespeare's Hamlet     Shakespeare's Hamlet is a master of deception. Hamlet decides to make Claudius believe that he is insane, but the scheme backfires when everyone, except Claudius, falls for it. Ophelia is one of those who believes Hamlet lost his mind, and when he does not return her love, she is so brokenhearted that she commits suicide. Near the end of the tragedy, Hamlet plays the part so well, that he convinces himself he is insane. Clearly, Hamlet's plan to put on an antic disposition is a tragic error.             Hamlet's plan for the antic disposition is to fool all the courtiers, especially Claudius. This way Claudius will not think that Hamlet is capable of killing him and usurping the throne. Hamlet clearly hates Claudius, and wants revenge for his father. "A little more than kin, and less than kind!" (I; ii; 65) Hamlet tries repeatedly to portray the image of insanity, but often Claudius sees through the antic disposition. "Love? his affections do not that way tend,/ Nor what he spake, though it lacked form a little,/ Was not like madness." (III; i; 159-161) After Claudius realizes that Hamlet is not actually insane, but playing the part for his antic disposition, he sends Hamlet to England to be executed.                                     And, England, if my love thou hold'st at aught-                                    As my great power thereof may give thee sense,                                    Since yet thy cicatrice looks raw and red                                    After the Danish sword, and thy free awe                                    Pays homage to us- thou mayst not coldly set                               ... ...rol of his mind, but as the plot unfolds he is thrown into a fit of true madness.             Through examination, it is proven that Hamlet's choice of displaying an antic disposition is a tragic error on his part. Claudius was the only courtier who sees through the act, Ophelia fell into utter madness, and Hamlet convinces himself that he has lost his mind. As Claudius said, "Madness in great ones must not unwatched go." (III; i; 185)  Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Charney, Maurice. All of Shakespeare. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. 1993. Magill, Frank N. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Exclusionary Rule
Contemporary Issues Paper: The Exclusionary Rule Jennifer Howell November 6, 2010 The Exclusionary Rule and Its Exceptions Introduction: The Exclusionary Rule The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement personnel. (US Const. amend. IV) Though the Amendment â€Å"forbids unreasonable searches and seizures, it does not provide a mechanism for prevention or a remedy. (Jackson, 1996) After passage of the Fourth Amendment, courts began to make laws regarding the rule against unreasonable searches and seizures.The courts designed a rule known as the Exclusionary Rule, which provided a remedy for the violation of a suspect’s Fourth Amendment privileges: any evidence seized in violation of the suspect’s rights and protections may not be used against the suspect in a criminal prosecution. The courts have been working and refining the exclusinary rule since its introduction in the 1900 ’s. (Exclusionary Rule, n. . ) The first case that applied the exclusionary rule was the case of Weeks v. United States, 232 U. S. 393, in which the Supreme Court â€Å"held that the Fourth Amendment barred the use of evidence secured through a warrantless search. †(Exclusionary Rule, n. d. ) The exclusionary rule requires an illegal action by a police officer or agent of the police, evidence secured as a result of the illegal action, and a â€Å"casual connection between the illegal action and the evidence secured. †(Evaluation, n. d. ) Exceptions to the Exclusionary RuleSince the introduction of the exclusionary rule, courts have found that it can not be enforced across the board, and have carved out a number of exceptions. These are: * The Impeachment Exception This exception allows the Government to offer illegally-seized evidence on cross-examination of the defendant to impeach the defendant after the defendant takes the stand and perjures himself. It sho uld be noted that the exception applies only to the testimony of the defendant, and not to any other witnesses. * The Independent Source ExceptionThis exception is a way of protecting the government’s case when the evidence was found â€Å"through an independent source sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint. †(Jackson, 1996) That is, the evidence was seized not only illegally, but also legally. * The Inevitable Discovery Exception The inevitable discovery exception was established to allow the admission of illegally-seized evidence that, though it was discovered unlawfully and in violation of the Fourth Amendment, would have inevitably been discovered anyway, through lawful means. The Good Faith Exception When an officer acts on a search warrant and discovers evidence, and the search warrant is later determined to be invalid, the evidence can still be used as long as the officers acted in good faith that the warrant was valid at the time of its execution. This exception was developed because the purpose of the exclusionary rule was not designed to punish the errors of judges and magistrates, but to deter police misconduct. (Exclusionary Rule, n. d. ) * The Harmless Error ExceptionThe harmless error exception allows introduction of evidence as long as the evidence is determined to be â€Å"harmless†evidence – that is, it applies to immaterial issues. The evidence and circumstances are reviewed by the court, and the evidence has to be found harmless by a reasonable doubt. (Jackson, 1996) * The Rule of Attenuation The Court established the â€Å"rule of attenuation,†which allows the introduction of illegally-seized evidence when â€Å"the Fourth Amendment violation is sufficiently far from the discovery of the evidence as to dissipate the taint. (Jackson, 1996) The Courts have provided three factors for Courts to apply to determine if the rule of attenuation applies: â€Å"(1) the length of time betw een the illegality and the seizure of evidence, (2) the presence of additional intervening factors; and (3) the degree and purpose of the official misconduct. †(Jackson, 1996) Legal Implications of the Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule and the development of its exceptions are of vital legal importance to the people of the United States.The courts have reasoned that illegally obtained evidence can not be used in a trial to do so would be to condone unconstitutional behavior, thereby â€Å"compromising the integrity of the jury. †(Jackson, 1996) The Fourth Amendment is a constraint on the power of the police officers, and gives the officers an incentive to control their power. The exclusionary rule has great legal implications in that it protects American citizens from officers and other State actors who have personal motivations that â€Å"may otherwise be in conflict with Fourth Amendment compliance. (Jackson, 1996) In fact, the Supreme Court has held that the abuses that gave rise to the exclusionary rule featured intentional conduct which was patently unconstitutional. (Herring, 2009)Political & Financial Implications There are political adversaries of the exclusionary rule, who argue that the rule protects criminals. However, studies show that the actual societal cost of the exclusionary rule is relatively small. The cumulative loss in felony cases attributable to Fourth Amendment violations and the subsequent exclusion of evidence is between . 6% and 2. 5%. (Davies, 1983) The exclusionary rule, while seemingly necessary to deter police misconduct, has financial implications in that when evidence is suppressed, the State may be unable to prosecute the case, and not only wastes the time and costs of the police department involved, but also the time and efforts of judges, court employees, and jurors. Interestingly, Mialon found in his study that the exclusionary rule directly reduces searches by police (in that it reduces chances of a s uccessful conviction) and it also indirectly increases them (via an increase in crime).The exceptions that have been carved out help deter these costs by ensuring that the only cases that are affected by the exclusionary rule are those that truly violated the Fourth Amendment rights of the defendant.Sources: Davies, Thomas (1983) A Hard Look at What We Know (and Still Need to Learn) About the â€Å"Costs†of the Exclusionary Rule: The NIJ Study and Other Studies of â€Å"Lost†Arrests. 1983 American Bar Foundation Research Journal 611,622 Evaluation of the Exclusionary Rule. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from http://www. essortment. com/all/exclusionaryrul_rmlx. htm Exclusionary Rule (n. . ). Retrieved November 3, 2010, from http://legal-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Exclusionary+Rule Herring v. United States. (2009) 129 S. Ct. 695 (via scholar. google. com)Jackson, Heather. (1996) Arizona v. Evans: Expanding Exclusionary Rule Exceptions and Contracting Fourth Amend ment Protection. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Vol 86, No. 4. Northwestern University School of Law. Mialon, Hugo and Sue Mialon. Abstract on The Effects of the Fourth Amendment: An Economic Analysis. Retrieved November 6, 2010, from http://jleo. oxfordjournals. org/content/24/1/22. abstract
Monday, January 6, 2020
One of the Professional Speech Examples on Leadership
Mastering the tricks of any trade is an admirable endeavor but having the ability to speak authoritatively will take you farther in life. This is why learning the ropes on how to deliver a professional speech is important for every student looking to build a successful career after college. Although the art of the presentation may not be taught in schools, here you will find some tips on preparing speeches and becoming an inspirational leader. Since the beginning of time, the term â€Å"leadership†has spawned diverse maxims and explanations on what it means to be a leader. Niccolo Machiavelli believed that a good leader must either be feared or loved in order to lead, while the Bible says a capable leader must first serve his or her followers in order to earn their followership. Leadership is the ability to create an inspiring future that motivates people to engage with it. A leader serves as the anchor needed to turn that vision into a reality. Leaders are important figures in every aspect of our lives including governing, religion, work places, etc., for each aspect requires someone to steer the populace in the right direction. To accomplish this, there are time proved skill sets every aspiring leader must have in order to succeed and here are the key attributes. Leaders inspire and motivate others: without motivation, it is impossible to achieve something of note. Great leaders create a vision of the future that must be compelling enough to ensure that people buy into it. A belief in a leaders mission creates a sustainable environment where people will be inspired and motivated to contribute their quota in bringing this vision to life. Therefore, a leader must master the ability to accurately communicate ideas through speeches and presentations in order to inspire. Moreover, leaders display integrity and honesty: in old monarchial governments, the ruling class always set the trends on dressing, worship and art which the populace followed without objections. Today, a leaders example directly affects the attitude of his/her followers which means displaying a high level of integrity and honesty. Therefore, a leader must avoid hypocrisy by walking the talk. Leaders solve problems and manage the achievement of set goals. The legendary entrepreneur, Elon Musk, has always been lauded for his ability to go into the trenches with his staff when the need to solve difficult problems arise. A key to motivating followers is to share their daily labors and to be a source of assistance at critical moments. This provides a measure of credibility to the leader when he/she demands a listening ear and loyalty from followers. Great leaders must also set performance goals in order to measure progress of achieving the goals. Tracking and managing results allows them to spot valuable assets and reward them accordingly. Developing one’s leadership skills is a continuous process which requires dedication to professional development. Prospective leaders must invest in mastering the art of leading by studying professional speech examples and participate in trainings in order to achieve greatness. References Adler, N. and Bartholomew, S. (1992). Managing globally competent people. Executive, 6(3), pp.52-65. Cannon, T. (2000). Leadership in the New Economy. In: The National Leadership Conference: The Royal Military Academy. Cheng, B., Chou, L. and Farth, J. (2000). A Triad Model of Paternalistic Leadership: The Constructs and Measurement. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 14, pp.3-64. Dorfman, P., Howell, J., Hibino, S., Lee, J., Tate, U. and Bautista, A. (1997). Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Commonalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(3), pp.233-274. Fu, P., Wu, R., Yang, Y. and Ye, J. (2007). Chinese Culture and Leadership. In: J. Chhokar, F. Brodbeck and R. House, ed., Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies, 1st ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, pp.877-907.
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