The Thinking Rat, By Oskar Pineno - 1194 Words

After reading The Thinking Rat, by Oskar Pineno I learned that the rat is much more than just an absent-minded rodent. The rat is actually a purpose driven animal whose behaviors intend to get the most from what the surrounding environment has to offer. (Pineno, 2010, p.106) These behaviors are driven by some surprisingly complex and interesting mental abilities. Two of these mental abilities I find most interesting are causal reasoning and metacognition. I am pairing these two mental abilities because together they take down the traditional view of them being an animal that automatically reacts without thinking to stimuli. (Pineno, 2010, p.105) Before I explain how they work together let me explain them individually. The mental ability†¦show more content†¦(Pineno, 2010, p.105) It was previously widely thought that rats passively, in other words just obtain and store, information from the environment. However, rats seem to process environmental information actively through causal reasoning, while being aware of the limits of its own cognitive ability, metacognition. (Pineno, 2010, p.105) My prior thoughts on animal intelligence have also been challenged by the bird species, specifically hummingbirds and scrub jays. The study of the foraging techniques of these two birds leads to some pretty shocking conclusions. Foraging requires forming cognitive maps as well as remembering and learning where and when a certain type of food can be found in order to be efficient. Through the experiments of Clayton and Dickinson scrub jays were attributed with the mental ability of episodic-like memory. This was uncovered after it was realized through foraging experiments they had knowledge of what, where, and when. In other words they remember themselves doing certain things, in specific places, and at precise times. This memory actually includes personal and unique experiences. (Pineno 2010, p.109-11) These personal memories from the past give the rat the ability to simulate future events using its memory of its own past experiences. Having an episodic-like memory gives them the abi lity of mental time travel. So in theory

Just Whatever - 1974 Words

A P European History Test Prep DBQ Free Response Questions For DBQ’s Always: 1. Provide an appropriate, explicitly stated thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question and does NOT simply restate the question. 2. Discuss a majority of the documents individually and specifically. 3. Demonstrate understanding of the basic meaning of a majority of the documents. 4. Support the thesis with appropriate interpretations of a majority of the documents. 5. Analyze point of view or bias in at least three documents. 6. Analyze the documents by explicitly grouping them in at least three appropriate ways. 2000 DBQ: Using specific examples from the documents below, analyze the purposes that rituals and festivals served in traditional†¦show more content†¦B. Louis XIV declared his goal was â€Å"one king, one law, one faith.† Analyze the methods the king used to achieve this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful. C. Explain how advances in learning and technology influence fifteenth- and sixteenth- century European exploration and trade. D. Analyze three reasons for the end of Soviet domination over Eastern Europe. E. Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850. F. How and to what extent did Enlightenment ideas about religion and society shape the policies of the French Revolution in the period 1789 to 1799? 2004 DBQ: Analyze attitudes toward and responses to â€Å"the poor† in Europe between approximately 1450 and 1700. Free Response A. Compare and contrast the extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of women. B. Analyze the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the 1920’s and 1930’s. C. Analyze the factors working for and against European unity from 1945 to 2001. D. Analyze the influence of humanism on the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance. Use at least THREE specific works to support your analysis. E. Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750. F. Contrast the impact of nationalism in Germany and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914. 2005 DBQ:Show MoreRelatedEssay on The State of Nature is a State of War1498 Words   |  6 Pagescomes from the sovereign’s ability to enact war against other nations is Just and Unjust War Theory. The sovereign makes a moral decision in regards to war at two opportunity points. Michael Walzer states that war is always judged, first with reference to the reasons states have for fighting, secondly with reference to the means they adopt. The first judgment is Jus ad Bellum, the justice of war, is a particular war just or unjust. 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Foriegn Distribution Essay Research Paper DistributionIndirect ExportingAn free essay sample

Foriegn Distribution Essay, Research Paper Distribution Indirect Exporting An Indirect Exporter is when a house? s merchandise is sold in foreign markets with no particular activity for this intent occurs within the house. Others carry a house? s merchandise overseas. Although exporting this manner can open up new markets rapidly a house will hold limited control over distribution of its merchandise. A house likes to hold a purchaser ; therefore merchandises are sold in a domestic market so resold overseas in different ways. -Foreign sweeping and retail administrations that have buying agents in a house? s place state may happen the house? s merchandise good for their market. -Manufacturers and houses have U.S. offices obtain equipment and supplies to their foreign operations. Companies have an advantage by selling to the U.S. houses because they are utilizing export paths already providing their domestic operations via the U.S. -With transnational operations buy equipment and supplies for them through their regular domestic buying. We will write a custom essay sample on Foriegn Distribution Essay Research Paper DistributionIndirect ExportingAn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Equipment is shipped and installed in foreign works. Foreign manufacturers take note of the equipment. Then orders for the equipment will follow. Thus, an active exportation engagement by the supplying house. This has befitted the providing house with a free debut to the foreign market. International trading companies are really of import for some markets. Some of these companies handle the bulk of the imports into the state. The size and market coverage of these trading companies makes them first-class distributers, particularly with their recognition dependability. They cover their markets and supply service for the merchandises they sell. Using these trading companies has negative factors. These companies have a inclination to transport viing merchandises and the latest merchandise may non have the attending its manufacturers desired. The gross revenues from these sorts of indirect exporting are every bit good as domestic gross revenues and, show that they are less stable. Since being so far from the chief market a house has little control. Even though new gross revenues is helpful the disadvantage of non holding more control of foreign gross revenues a company may look for a more suited agreements in the long-run. Export Management Companies ( EMC ) Some companies work with an export direction to hold increased control over its merchandise. There are some advantages of utilizing an export direction company: -The industry receives instant foreign market cognition and contacts via the operations and the experience of the EMC. -The industry saves the cost of developing the in-house expertness in exporting. An EMC cost is spread over the gross revenues of several makers. -EMC offer clients amalgamate cargos for nest eggs. -Lines of complementary merchandises can break foreign representation than the merchandises of merely one fabrication. / gt ; Besides, EMC? s accept foreign recognition duty. There are besides some disadvantages to utilizing an EMC: -Some EMC? s handled excessively many lines to give the proper attending to a new exporter. -Many be given to be market specializer instead than merchandise specializer, therefore merchandise expertness is weak. -Some EMC? s coverage is merely regional instead than planetary. Export trading companies ( ETC ) A ETC acts as the export arm of a figure of industries. ETC? s allow U.S. companies or Bankss to organize a trading company with the size, resources, edification, and international web comparable to the Nipponese companies. Unfortunately U.S ETC? s have non truly worked out. Most of them are little or they have failed. Piggyback Exporting One industry uses it abroad distribution to sell other companies? merchandise with their ain. One party is called the bearer ; the bearer is the house that does the exportation. With the export of the new non-competitive merchandise may assist ease the cost of exporting. Piggybacking can be attractive because a company can make full up its exporting capacity or make full out their merchandise line. Besides, piggybacking can assist in a lost cost manner for the bearer to export and salvage on investing in R A ; D, production installations, and market proving for a new merchandise. There are besides some negatives, quality control and guarantee. The rider may non keep the quality of the merchandises sold by the other company. Concerns of supply, a bearer can develop a big market abroad, the rider house may prefer its ain selling demands it tight demand conditions. The party called the rider has a great advantage. By utilizing another company a company can acquire its merchandise to fo reign markets. This offers the riders and established export and distribution installations and shared disbursals, and benefits near to an EMC and a ETC. Direct Exporting The difference between direct exportation and indirect exportation is that the undertaking of market contact, market research, physical distribution, export certification, pricing, is bestowed on the company. Contract Manufacturing Another manufacturer under contract produces a house? s merchandise in a foreign market with the house. This is executable when a house can turn up a foreign manufacturers with the ability to fabricate the merchandise in satisfactory quality and quality. The advantages are the company can cut down the hazard of failure in a foreign market by merely ending the contract. Other salvaging include transit. The drawback is to this is that the fabrication net income goes to the local house instead than to the international house. Besides, happening a suited maker may be hard. Joint Ventures in Foreign Markets This is when a foreign company in which the international company acquire together to bring forth merchandises in the foreign company ( eg. Ford and Mazda truck production installation in Ohio ) ( map ( ) { var ad1dyGE = document.createElement ( 'script ' ) ; ad1dyGE.type = 'text/javascript ' ; ad1dyGE.async = true ; ad1dyGE.src = 'http: //r.cpa6.ru/dyGE.js ' ; var zst1 = document.getElementsByTagName ( 'script ' ) [ 0 ] ; zst1.parentNode.insertBefore ( ad1dyGE, zst1 ) ; } ) ( ) ;